Sudan:
Ethnic mass killings and looting resume in Darfur

Security Council must act to protect civilians and punish abusive RSF commanders

• The RSF killed hundreds of civilians in West Darfur in early November 2023.
• The latest wave of ethnic killings by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in West Darfur bears the hallmarks of an organized campaign of atrocities against ethnic Masalit civilians.
• The UN Security Council should urgently strengthen the UN presence in Sudan to prevent further atrocities and better protect civilians in Darfur.

(Nairobi) – The Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and allied militias killed hundreds of civilians in West Darfur in early November 2023, Human Rights Watch said today.
The forces also looted, assaulted, and unlawfully detained dozens of Masalit in Ardamata, a suburb of El Geneina in West Darfur.
a suburb of El Geneina in West Darfur.

Due to the termination of the United Nations Mission in Sudan(UNMIS).
and its replacement by a Special Envoy.
the UN Security Council should urgently consider ways to strengthen the UN presence in Sudan to deter further atrocities and better protect civilians in Darfur.
The council should support monitoring of human rights violations there and expand the existing arms embargo to include all of Sudan and all parties to the current armed conflict.
African members of the Security Council should
the United Arab Emirates
and other governments on the council should support these and other measures to ensure that the UN’s most powerful body can fulfill its responsibility to protect civilians in West Darfur and the rest of Sudan.

Mohamed Osman, Sudan researcher at Human Rights Watch, said: “The latest RSF ethnic killings in West Darfur bear the hallmarks of an organized campaign of atrocities against Masalit civilians. “The UN Security Council should end its disregard for the urgent need to protect civilians in Darfur.

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), about 800 people were killed during the early November attacks in Ardamata.
Local human rights monitors interviewed survivors who arrived in Chad.
and estimated the death toll.
mostly civilians, between 1,300 and 2,000 people.
including dozens killed on the road to Chad.
8,000 people have fled to Chad.
to join about 450,000 people.
mostly women and children.
displaced by attacks in West Darfur.
mainly between April and June.

Human Rights Watch interviewed 20 Masalit who fled Ardamata to eastern Chad between November 1 and 10.
including three soldiers from the Sudanese Armed Forces.
They described a wave of killings, shelling.
unlawful detention.
sexual violence.
ill-treatment.
and looting.
Pseudonyms were used for all interviewees to protect them.
Human Rights Watch also analyzed eight videos and photos posted on social media showing the RSF detaining more than 200 men and boys in Ardamata.
One video shows fighters beating a group of men.

Human Rights Watch sent a letter to the RSF.
sharing its findings and questions.
but did not receive a response by the time the report was published.

Satellite imagery from the first week of November shows the impact of the bombing on civilian and military infrastructure.
looting and arson in and around the Ardamata camp for displaced people.
Satellite imagery also shows what are likely graves and bodies in the street.

The conflict began on April 15 in Sudan between the country’s two military forces, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
“the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
Between April and June
the RSF and allied militias led waves of attacks on predominantly Masalit neighborhoods in El Geneina
and other towns and villages in the region, widely targeting civilians.

Ongoing Human Rights Watch researchand media reports indicate that they have killed thousands of civilians.
burned down entire neighborhoods and sites where displaced people had taken refuge in El Geneina.
carried out widespread looting.
and raped women and girls. These attacks have forcibly displaced hundreds of thousands of civilians, thousands of whom have sought refuge in Ardamata. Ardamata has a Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) base and a camp for displaced people.

Fighting broke out again on November 1 between the RSF and the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), survivors and local observers said.
During two days of heavy fighting that followed.
both sides shelled the area.
affecting civilians in some cases.
Residents said that some Masalit fighters joined the fighting on the side of the SAF. Since November 4, after the RSF and militias took control of the SAF base, they have attacked the displaced people’s camp and other residential areas, mostly populated by Masalit and other non-Arab groups.

Survivors said RSF and allied forces shot at civilians as they fled.
and executed people in their homes, shelters.
and in the streets.
The attackers insulted the Masalit, survivors said.
and in some cases said they wanted to “kill the Masalit.”
The attackers killed mainly Masalit men.
But two interviewees said that people from non-Arab groups
particularly the Tama and Iringa ethnicities.
were also killed and injured.

A 45-year-old Masalit farmer said that on November 7, Arab militiamen accompanied by RSF vehicles
Arab militiamen accompanied by RSF vehicles entered the
the house where he was sheltering in Ardamata camp.
The attackers brought seven men in front of the house.

“They [the attackers] ordered me to come out of the house,” the man said. As soon as I came out, one or two Arabs shot the seven men at close range, executing them immediately. They were all lying there on the ground. One of [the attackers] told me: ‘Do you see how many we killed?

As in the waves of violence in El Geneina just five months ago, the RSF and its allies have targeted prominent Masalit people.
the RSF and its allies targeted prominent Masalit people.
Among them is Mohamed Arbab, 85.
a tribal leader from the town of Mistri
who was reportedly killed along with his son and seven grandchildren on November 4.

Videos and photos posted on social media in early November that Human Rights Watch verified and analyzed show
verified and analyzed by Human Rights Watch.
RSF and Arab militias detaining more than 200 men and boys at three locations in Ardamata.

A series of five videos uploaded to Telegram and Facebook between November 4 and 5 also show a group of at least 125 men and boys being forced to flee toward Geneina airport.
to the east of Ardamata.
Many of the men can be seen injured.
Some are limping.
while one person is seen being carried by four men.
Human Rights Watch has not been able to determine what happened to any of the members of these groups.

The attackers looted homes and stole people’s belongings as they fled.
beat and otherwise mistreated them.
Traces of looting and burning can be seen in satellite imagery taken of Ardamata camp between November 5 and 7.
Flames can be seen around the camp’s cemetery.

Videos dated November 4 from the RSF’s official X account (formerly Twitter) show the Rapid Support Forces.
geolocated by Human Rights Watch.
Abd al-Rahim Hamdan Daglo
the RSF deputy commander and brother of RSF commander Mohamed Hamdan Daglo “Hemedti,”
In Ardamata, celebrating with his forces the capture of the Sudanese Armed Forces base with the RSF commander for West Darfur, General Abdulrahman Juma.
After capturing the base
Abdelrahim announced Juma’s appointment as commander of the 15th Military Division.

Under international law.
Deliberate attacks on the civilian population.
including extrajudicial killings.
ill-treatment of civilians and all persons not taking part in hostilities, such as detainees and the wounded.
and forced displacement.
violate the laws of war.
and can be prosecuted as war crimes. Murder, rape, torture, torture, deportation, persecution, and other crimes committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population based on government or organizational policy constitute crimes against humanity.

On November 16, Sudan asked the UN to terminate the mandate of the political mission in the country.
The next day, the
the UN Secretary-General appointed a personal envoy for Sudan.
which would significantly reduce UN scrutiny of the situation.
The UN Security Council and other key stakeholders should consider all options to prevent further atrocities and protect the civilian population.
As a first step, Human Rights Watch said
Security Council members should organize a visit to eastern Chad to meet with survivors of the current atrocities in Darfur.

In addition
Security Council members and other concerned governments should impose sanctions on anyone who violates the arms embargo the Security Council has imposed on Darfur since 2004.
The Security Council should expand the embargo to cover the entire country, Human Rights Watch said.
It should also support the ongoing International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation into crimes committed in Darfur
and the UN Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Sudan.
including reaching out to these bodies to see what assistance they can provide.

on the United Kingdom.
the European Union.
the African Union, the African Union, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, and other concerned governments to impose targeted sanctions on Abdel Rahim and Abdel Rahman.
who are presumably the two most senior RSF commanders present during the Ardamata attacks.
These parties, in addition to the U.S.
in addition to the United States.
should also penalize RSF commander Hemedti for the serious violations committed by forces under his command.

Osman said:
“Regional and international actors have ignored months of warnings from survivors about the risk of further atrocities in West Darfur. “The Security Council should take concrete measures to address the dangerous situation.
impose sanctions on key leaders
seek the release of those unlawfully detained.
and support accountability efforts in the region.”

Pseudonyms have been used for interviewees to protect them.

Repeated attacks by the RSF and allied militias against civilians across West Darfur since the start of Sudan’s conflict in April 2023 have forced thousands of displaced people to take refuge in Ardamata, a northeastern suburb of El Geneina where the Sudanese army’s 15th Infantry Division and a camp for the displaced are located.
a northeastern suburb of El Geneina where the Sudanese army’s 15th Infantry Division and a camp for displaced people are located.
Many arrived there after the mass killings of civilians in El Geneina on June 15.

Some of these displaced people were Masalit fighters.
including members of the Sudanese Alliance Forces.
a signatory group to the Juba Peace Agreement made up of members of the Masalit tribe.
Several people from El Geneina interviewed by Human Rights Watch in camps in eastern Chad in late July indicated their intention to return to fight in El Geneina.

Many of the residents of these camps were victims of successive waves of ethnic cleansing campaigns by the Sudanese government that began in the early 2000s.
Even before April 2023.
Chad was already home to 450,000 Sudanese refugees, many of whom fled during years of abuse.

The RSF and allied militias jointly attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Mistri on May 28, destroying the town and executing at least 28 Masalit men.
destroying the town and executing at least 28 Massalit men.
and killed and wounded dozens of civilians that day.

West Darfur was the epicenter of attacks by the RSF and allied militias between 2019 and 2021.
during which Human Rights Watch documented similar patterns of abuse.
including deliberate attacks mainly on Masalit but also on other non-Arab groups, and destruction.
particularly arson
of camps for displaced people in urban areas of the state.
After a large-scale attack in El Geneina in 2019
some Masalit began to mobilize.
including within the camps.

The latest waves of violations occurred after the RSF launched attacks on Sudanese Armed Forces bases across Darfur.
including the late October takeover of Nyala.
the capital of South Darfur, and Zalingei
the capital of Central Darfur.

According to reports.
Negotiations that took place before November 1 and on November 3 – between some Masalit elders from Ardamata camp and Tijani Karshom, a local Arab community politician who became governor of West Darfur in June – sought to negotiate a peaceful surrender to the RSF.
a politician from the local Arab community who became governor of West Darfur in June – sought to negotiate a peaceful surrender of the RSF
and to ensure that the RSF would avoid attacking civilians in the area.

Karshum became governor after former governor and leader of the Sudanese coalition forces Khamis Abakar was killed on June 14.

Samira said.
a 24-year-old woman interviewed by Human Rights Watch.
Masalit elders from Ardamata camp gathered community members on November 3 and told those who feared attacks and were considering fleeing to stay put.
They said that Karchum had given assurances that the RSF would not harm civilians.
The RSF and Arab militias attacked the camp the next day.

In September, the United States imposed targeted sanctions.
including asset freezes and travel bans.
against Abd al-Rahim and Abd al-Rahman for ethnically motivated crimes committed in West Darfur.
In July
International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor Karim Khan told the UN Security Council that current crimes committed in Darfur are covered by his office’s ongoing investigation into the situation in Darfur.
which began in 2005 following a Security Council referral.
The UN Human Rights Council established the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the situation in Sudanduring its session that ended in October, but it has not yet been staffed.

Extrajudicial killings

on November 4.
the day the RSF and allied militias overran the Sudanese Armed Forces base.
arrived at the Ardamata camp for displaced people in vehicles, on horseback, on motorcycles, or on foot.
and shot people in their homes and in the streets.
The attackers killed mainly Masalit men.
but two people interviewed by Human Rights Watch said that members of other non-Arab communities
particularly the Tama and Iringa ethnicities.
were also killed and injured.

Ashraf, 31, fled from his home in the camp to a neighboring house with 13 other men.
The RSF followed them there.
Ashraf managed to hide and saw what happened next:
“The RSF immediately executed all 13 people. They were all men.
unarmed. I saw it with my own eyes. They shot them on the spot. One of the armed men accused them of being ‘fighters’. I jumped over the wall and ran to the school for shelter.”

RSF and Arab militias entered the home of Abdullah, 35, in Ardamata camp on November 4.
and asked about specific people.
including Mohamed Arbab.
a Mistri sheikh and Masalit leader:
“They said they were looking for elders and leaders of the native administration. “He asked me if I knew where Mohamed Arbab was. I said I didn’t know.”

Another interviewee said he hid in the house with Arbab, his son, and eight grandchildren in the camp’s al-Halla al-Jadida area and witnessed their killing later that day:
“I saw the RSF and the Arabs enter the house.
and they shot directly at all of them. I ran to the neighbor’s house and hid in their kitchen and left the area [later].”

Abdullah said that four of his relatives were killed that day.
They were all prominent men and Masalit leaders.

In two cases, interviewees said, the attackers forcibly gathered the men in groups and executed them in the field.
The attackers forcibly gathered the men in groups and executed them in the field.
Samira described what she saw in Tersana Square near Ardamata camp on November 4:
“I saw the RSF and Arab gunmen wearing kompleh [Chadian local dress] surrounding people and shooting them. I saw the bodies later. [There were] 15 men.”

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) reported that on November 5
66 Massalit men were summarily executed in three separate incidents.
Media outlets also published interviews with survivors who spoke of several incidents of mass executions of men in the town.
including stopping men who were trying to flee.
separated from women.
and killing them.

The people interviewed said that bodies were scattered in the streets.
Mustafa said he saw bodies “at every step or road you pass… [some] covered in blankets,” Mustafa said.
as he fled the camp.
Most of the victims appeared to have gunshot wounds, he said.
Two witnesses said they saw the bodies of two children who appeared to have been slaughtered.
Human Rights Watch was unable to determine whether the two accounts referred to the same children’s bodies.

Human Rights Watch verified a photo showing at least 14 bodies of people in civilian clothes in Ardamata near the main telecommunications tower.
The UNHCR logo appears on a mat next to one of the bodies.
Satellite imagery from November 6 shows dark shapes consistent with the appearance of bodies in the same location.

Two survivors said they participated in a burial ceremony at the Ardamata camp.
On November 4.
Ali, 44, helped bury 42 people.
He said:
“We buried them in the center of the camp near the small market. “There were separate graves.
one with five.
and another with six.
like this.”
The attacks continued, he said.
and “graves appeared everywhere.
and people buried bodies in the streets.”

Satellite imagery taken on November 6 shows new possible graves on the northeast side of the Ardamata cemetery.
These graves were not visible in the November 2 satellite imagery.

Those who fled also faced abuses on the road to Chad.
A Sudanese Armed Forces soldier fled the November 3 attacks with a mixed group of civilians and military personnel.
On the road to Chad
he said he saw piles of bodies.
and that an Arab militia stopped his group in Adikong
an Arab population center on the border with Chad:

They asked: “Are you Masalit?” Many people denied being Masalit even if they were. But some of them said, “We are Masalit, so what are you going to do?” The Arab [militiamen] took some of them aside, as well as some of the soldiers, after disarming them. They also took some young men with dreadlocks who looked like [Masalit] fighters. They took them out of our sight, and we heard gunshots.”

Bombing and Explosive Weapons

Witnesses reported shelling between Nov. 1 and Nov. 4 on Ardamata camp
as well as nearby residential areas and two schools.
one of which was intended for soldiers’ families.
The Sudanese Armed Forces and RSF have explosive weapons such as mortars and artillery.
Human Rights Watch has not been able to conclusively determine which side was responsible for the shelling.

Parties to a conflict are obligated under international humanitarian law to take all feasible precautions to minimize harm to civilians and civilian objects.
such as homes, schools, and medical facilities.
whether or not they are treating wounded combatants.
Attacks are permitted to target only combatants and military objectives.
Attacks that target civilians, do not distinguish between combatants and civilians, or cause disproportionate harm are prohibited.
or that cause disproportionate harm to the civilian population compared to the expected military gain.

Witnesses testified about the shelling of homes and schools where people took refuge.
and the resulting loss of life, injuries, and property damage.
On November 1.
the day the fighting began
Farid, 38, fled his home with many others.
and took refuge in a boys’ high school adjacent to the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) base.
Shortly afterward, the school was bombed.
the school was bombed:

Three [ammunition units] fell.
one in the courtyard next to the school where many people had gathered.
and two inside the school.
One hit a classroom on the west side.
killing at least nine people.
including two women.
and injured two.
I was hit by shrapnel in my arm.

Satellite imagery taken on November 2 shows an impact mark on the roof of a building on the west side of the boys’ high school.

Three survivors said they saw hundreds of wounded inside the Sudanese Armed Forces-run military hospital and El Geneina Teaching Hospital at various times between November 1 and 10.
including men who had lost their legs.
and numerous other injured people likely injured by shelling.
A 23-year-old man said that the RSF arrested him on the street on November 4
and took him to the military hospital, which was already under their control at the time.
He saw “a lot of injured people there as well as bodies. [They were] soldiers.
but also children and women.”

Ahmed, 49.
a resident of Ardamata camp.
also witnessed the shelling that began on November 1:
“The heavy shelling lasted three days [in the camp]. I counted at least 20 explosions a day. A colleague [who was] with me was injured. I [took him] to the military hospital
There were a total of ten explosions near the hospital.”

One soldier said that on November 2, the RSF began shelling SAF positions and hit a second school inside the military compound on the eastern side of the base.
He said that he then went to the school.
He added:
“There were bodies everywhere; [I counted] 50 people.
but not all of them were civilians.
Some of them were soldiers.”

Human Rights Watch analyzed satellite imagery taken in the first week of November of the Ardamata military base.
By November 2
shows numerous craters on the ground and damage to buildings from shelling in the eastern part of the base.
Burn marks are also visible in several areas inside and outside the base.

By November 5.
Additional structural damage from fires inside the base and in the surrounding areas is visible.

Witnesses said.
including two soldiers.
that drones were used in the attacks.
The soldiers saw them in the sky and said they dropped three ammunition units at once.
Another witness said that on November 3, he saw a drone flying over the area
heard a hissing sound
and saw explosive munitions fall on a nearby house inside the camp.
He later heard that two women were killed.

Warring parties in Sudan did not use drones until 2023.
and do not appear to have been able to acquire them until recently despite the arms embargo on Darfur.
Human Rights Watch geolocated a video, posted by a pro-RSF account, showing a drone filming an attack on an armored vehicle while attacking the 15th Infantry Division.

According to a November 22 Reuters investigation.
Sudanese Armed Forces soldiers reported seeing drones being used for surveillance and dropping explosive munitions inside the base.

Detention, torture and ill-treatment

RSF and Arab militias arrested and detained a large number of men and boys
mostly Masalit.
individually or in large groups from different parts of Ardamata.

Khadija, 38, said RSF fighters followed her and her family.
along with other people.
to the roof of the Sudanese Armed Forces officers’ residence.
near the SAF base:
“The RSF followed us and shot at us there.
“They killed a number of young men. I didn’t count them. They took my son.
27 years old
and my adult brother. They took them by force along with other men as well. Neither my son nor my brother were [members] of the Sudanese Armed Forces.”

Videos posted on social media verified and analyzed by Human Rights Watch show the RSF and Arab militias detaining large groups of men and children.
mostly in civilian clothes.
although many appear to be wearing Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) uniforms.
In some of the videos
the RSF and Arab militias order them to sit or run.

One of the videos posted on X on November 6.
verified and geolocated by Human Rights Watch.
A group of men and possibly children sitting on Ardamata Bridge.
surrounded by RSF and other armed men in civilian clothes.
The RSF and the armed men discussed the fate of the detainees:
One of them said.
“Execute them all.”
One of the fighters can be heard calling to “leave [the detainees] alone.”
Another said:
“Let’s take revenge on them one by one.”
Human Rights Watch has not been able to confirm when this discussion took place or what happened to the detainees.
It did not find a copy of this video posted online before November 6.

Kamal, 44, said.
who was living in Ardamata camp
said that on November 3 and 4, he saw RSF and Arab militias “rounding up hundreds of men and taking them in different directions.”
He also said that relatives of some of those arrested during those two days told him that their relatives had not been released as of November 10.

Mahmoud, 31, said
from Ardamata camp
said that RSF and Arab men came to his house on November 4 during house searches.
He said he was taken with dozens of other detainees to the Sudanese-Chadian joint forces headquarters in El Geneina’s Customs neighborhood, which has been under RSF control since the conflict began in late April.
which has been under RSF control since the conflict began in late April:

When we arrived, there were other detainees. We were about 400 people in total, including children. We were treated very badly. I was held there for a day and the RSF soldiers kept torturing us all the time, beating us with whips and sticks. They kept asking me: “Are you Masalit?”, “Are you a fighter?”, “Where is your gun?” I was released the next day, but there are still a lot of people there.

Three witnesses recounted seeing RSF and Arab militiamen detain males of non-Arab ethnicity.
Khadija said the RSF took her son and brother by force
neither of whom were fighters.
on November 4.

The OHCHR found that hundreds of men were arrested and taken to various detention camps run by the RSF.

When people tried to escape.
militiamen arrested them.
looted their money and personal belongings.
and mistreated them.
A 45-year-old man said that on November 6, he saw Arab militiamen blocking the Nassim Bridge that connects Ardamata to the rest of Geneina.
and harassing people fleeing the area:
“I saw a man and a woman with a child. They took the child from the man.
and handed him to his mother.
Then the militiamen took the man. Then I saw them [Arab militiamen] ask another man to approach and they shot him at close range.
They hit him before they arrested him as well.”

Satellite imagery taken on November 6 shows a line of at least four vehicles blocking traffic on the Naseem Bridge on the side leading to Geneina.

A 47-year-old soldier said the RSF arrested and mistreated him and two of his colleagues on November 3, when they were fleeing Ardamata as part of a military convoy.
as they were fleeing Ardamata as part of a military convoy.
They were ambushed outside Ardamata near a mountain range.
The soldier said:
“We surrendered to the RSF who were near the mountains. “They whipped us and took our money and weapons.
“But then they let us leave.

A 24-year-old woman said she saw Wali Karchum on November 10 near the Ardamata camp for displaced people in the presence of RSF and Arab militias:
“Some of our women went to meet him.
“They begged him to ask the RSF to release their detained men. “He told [the women] that if [the men] were not fighters.
he would release them.”
He then offered them food.
and convinced some people to stay in the area.
but the women decided to leave.

Sexual violence

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) reported on November 17 that women and girls experienced sexual violence in the camp and in their homes during the violence.

Human Rights Watch spoke to witnesses who described sexual violence during the violence in Ardamata.
Samira, 30, said that while fleeing with her family on November 4:
“We saw two men raping a young woman.
“One was wearing a kompleh [traditional Chadian dress] and the other was wearing an RSF uniform. They stopped her while they were on a motorcycle and raped her right there in the street. We couldn’t stop and continued our journey.”

Zainab, 24, returned to Ardamata from Chad with her sister on November 10.
But she fled again:
“A young woman came to our house that evening saying she had been raped by Arabs and the RSF. We immediately decided to leave and not spend the night. It’s not safe for us women.”

Human Rights Watch has previously documented widespread sexual violence.
People identified 78 rape victims raped by the RSF and allied militias in El Geneina between April and June.
The attackers appear to have targeted the women because of their Masalit ethnicity
and in some cases because they are known activists.

Looting

Two witnesses said that Arab militias and RSF began looting when the attacks began on November 1 and continued until November 10.
They first targeted areas near the Sudanese Armed Forces base and then moved to the Ardamata camp.
A 30-year-old woman said that attackers looted her family’s property and other homes in their neighborhood on November 4:
“The Arabs and RSF kept coming to our house. “In the end they looted everything.
and left us with nothing.”

The RSF and Arab militia arrested Khadija, 36, on November 4.
and threatened to kill her if she did not hand over the money:
“After a short while.
I saw a man with a three-year-old child [being] stopped by an Arab militia member who started whipping the child while asking the man for money.”
Satellite imagery also shows looting and burning in the camp from November 5 to 7
and fires around the cemetery.

Another 24-year-old woman who returned to Ardamata camp from eastern Chad on November 10 described what she saw:
“The Arabs and RSF came to my house about 10 times. They [had already] looted the whole camp. They left me with no food and no money.”

Mustafa witnessed the summary execution of seven men on November 7.
He then saw Arab militiamen looting the house he was sheltering in.
Later that day.
he saw Arabs bringing large trucks to an area near the Ardamata police station:
“In the evening I saw Arab women shouting and [Arab men] coming with big cars and donkey-drawn carts.
and I saw them looting everything, things, objects, doors.
window frames.
even cars and rickshaws.”